Solution: A microbe that is used for the production of Swiss cheese is Penicillium Sherman which consumes the lactose protein in the cheese to form lactic acid. The production of carbon dioxide in...
What is the group of bacteria found in both the rumen of cattle and stage of sewage treatment?
Solution: Methanogens are the group of bacteria found in both the rumen of cattle and sludge of sewage treatment. Methanogens release methane gas. Microorganisms that create methane as a byproduct...
Give an example of a rod-shaped virus.
Solution: Viruses are typically much smaller than bacteria, with the bulk of them being submicroscopic. Helix symmetry is seen in rod-shaped viruses, An example of the rod-shaped virus is the...
Name any genetically modified crop.
Solution: Genetic modification is a technique that involves adding DNA into an organism's genome. New DNA is put into plant cells to create a GM plant. These cells are then cultivated in tissue...
Match the items in Column ‘A’ and Column ‘B’ and choose the correct answer.
The correct answer is:
a. A-ii, B-iv, C-iii, D-i
b. A-iii, B-iv, C-ii, D-i
c. A-iv, B-i, C-ii, D-iii
d. A-iii, B-ii, C-i, D-iv
Column I A. Ladybird B. Mycorrhiza C. Biological control D. BiogasColumn II i. Methane bacterium ii. Trichoderma iii. Aphids iv. Glomus Solution: The ladybird beetle is a biological pest control...
Match the following list of bioactive substances and their roles:
Choose the correct match:
a. A-ii, B-iii, C-i, D-iv
b. A-iv, B-ii, C-i, D-iii
c. A-iv, B-i, C-ii, D-iii
d. A-iii, B-iv, C-ii, D-i
Bioactive Substance A. Statin B. Cyclosporin A C. Streptokinase D. LipaseRole i. Removal of oil stains ii. Removal of clots from blood vessels iii. Lowering of blood cholesterol iv....
Match the following list of bacteria and their commercially important products:
Choose the correct match:
a. A-ii, B-iii, C-iv, D-i
b. A-ii, B-iv, C-iii, D-i
c. A-iv, B-iii, C-ii, D-i
d. A-iv, B-i, C-iii, D-ii
Bacterium A. Aspergillus niger B. Acetobacter aceticC. Clostridium bretylium D. LactobacillusProduct i. Lactic acid ii. Butyric acid iii. Acetic acid iv. Citric acid Aspergillus niger is...
Draw a diagrammatic sketch of the biogas plant, and label its various components given below: Gas Holder, Sludge Chamber, Digester, Dung + water chamber.
What are viruses parasitising bacteria called? Draw a well-labelled diagram of the same.
Bacteriophages are viruses that parasitize other viruses. Bacteriophages are viruses that assault bacteria and infect and proliferate within them. They are composed of nucleic acid molecules that...
Which type of food would have lactic acid bacteria? Discuss their useful application.
Solution: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is a type of bacteria that is commonly used to ferment or culture foods. Curd contains lactic acid bacteria (LAB). It can be used for a variety of purposes,...
(a) What would happen if a large volume of untreated sewage is discharged into a river? (b) In what way anaerobic sludge digestion is important in sewage treatments?
Solution: a) The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) will increase, resulting in the mortality of species such as fish due to a lack of oxygen in the water. As people drink water directly from the river,...
Describe the main ideas behind the biological control of pests and diseases.
Solution: Biological pest and disease control is based on the interdependency of multiple ecosystem components. This method is also founded on the recognition of the possible harm caused by chemical...
(a) Discuss the major programs that the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, has initiated for saving major Indian rivers from pollution.(b) Ganga has recently been declared the national river. Discuss the implication with respect to pollution of this river.
(a) The Government of India's Ministry of Environment and Forests has launched two plans: i. Action Plan for the Ganga ii. Action Plan for the Yamuna These proposals called for a large number of...
Why is aerobic degradation more important than anaerobic degradation for the treatment of large volumes of wastewaters rich in organic matter? Discuss.
Solution: Aerobic degradation is more significant than anaerobic degradation for the treatment of large volumes of organic-rich wastewaters because: i) the majority of the organic sludge is digested...
What are bio fertilizers? Give two examples.
Solution: A 'biofertilizer' is a chemical that contains living microorganisms that encourage development by boosting the supply or availability of primary nutrients when applied to seed, plant...
Which bacterium has been used as a clot-buster? What is its mode of action?
Solution: Streptokinase, produced by the bacterium Streptococcus, is utilized as a 'clot buster.' This enzyme has a fibrinolytic activity, which means it breaks down clots that form in the blood...
What is a broad-spectrum antibiotic? Name one such antibiotic.
Solution: Antibiotics with a broad spectrum of action are effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Chloramphenicol, for example, is used to treat typhoid, dysentery, acute...
How do microbes reduce the environmental degradation caused by chemicals?
Solution: Microbes aid in the reduction of chemical-induced environmental damage. Agriculture is a good example of bioremediation. Biofertilizers are made up of bacteria that enrich the soil by...
What is the chemical nature of biogas? Name an organism which is involved in biogas production?
Solution: Biogas is made up of three different gases. Methane ($C{{H}_{3}}$) makes up roughly 60-70 percent of the overall volume, carbon dioxide ($C{{O}_{2}}$) makes up about 30-40 percent, and...
What roles do enzymes play in detergents that we use for washing clothes? Are these enzymes produced from some unique microorganisms?
Solution: Lipase and proteases are examples of enzymes that are crucial in detergents. They're used in detergents to clean and remove oily stains from clothing. These enzymes are derived from the...
How do bioactive molecules of fungal origin help in restoring good health of humans?
Solution: As a number of bioactive molecules are important in the medical treatment of people, bioactive molecules of fungal origin aid in the restoration of human health. a) A statin is a drug that...
Name the scientists who were credited for showing the role of Penicillin as an antibiotic?
Solution: Sir Alexander Fleming White discovered penicillin while researching Staphytococd bacteria. Ernst Chain and Howard Florey, on the other hand, discovered its full potential as an effective...
How was penicillin discovered?
Solution: Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin by accident in 1921. When he returned from a vacation, he discovered that one of his staphylococcus culture plates had become infected with mold....
Why are cyanobacteria considered useful in paddy fields?
Solution: Cyanobacteria can fix nitrogen in the atmosphere. The soil conditions in paddy fields provide an ideal environment for nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria to thrive. Biofertilizers such as...
How do mycorrhizal fungi help the plants harboring them?
Solution: Mycorrhiza is a fungus that aids the plants that harbor it in drawing more nutrients from the soil, such as phosphorus, and transferring it to the host plant. This also aids ion in drawing...
How has the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis helped us in controlling caterpillars of insect pests?
Solution: The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis aids in the control of insect pest caterpillars by producing an endotoxin in the caterpillar's midgut after it is ingested by the pest. The endotoxin...
Why are flocs important in biological treatment of wastewater?
Solution: Flocs are bacterial masses that are linked together by fungal filaments to produce a mesh-like structure. The majority of the organic material in the sludge is digested by flocs. As a...
Name an immune immunosuppressive agent?
Solution: A substance that suppresses the immune system's response. It weakens the body's defenses against infections and other disorders including cancer. To prevent a person from rejecting a bone...
Name any two industrially important enzymes.
Solution: Enzymes are biological catalysts that are macromolecular in nature. Chemical reactions are sped up by them. Amylases and lipase are two industrially important enzymes. Amylase is a starch...
Name the states involved in the Ganga action plan.
Solution: The Ganga action plan involves the states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal.
Which species of Penicillium produces Roquefort cheese?
Solution: Penicillium roqueforti is the type of penicillium that is used to produces Roquefort cheese. It forms when the cheese starts ripening. Penicillium roqueforti is also used to give a...
Why are blue-green algae not popular as bio fertilizers?
Solution: Blue-green algae have the ability to multiply in water and fix nitrogen. Paddy, on the other hand, is the only crop that can thrive in stagnant water. The majority of other crops do not...
What is the source organism for ECORI, restriction endonuclease?
Solution: ECORI's source organism is Escherichia coli restriction endonucleases (e.g., E.Coli). It's a rod-shaped, gram-negative bacteria found in the intestines of warm-blooded mammals.
Give any two microbes that are useful in biotechnology.
Solution: In the realm of biotechnology, microbes are commonly utilized to produce primary and secondary metabolites. These have a wide range of applications in agriculture, medicine, and...
What would happen if our intestine harbors microbial flora exactly similar to that found in the rumen of cattle?
Solution: Because the microbes in the rumen (a part of the stomach) of cattle, collectively known as methanogens, are capable of digesting cellulose and have cellulase enzyme, we would be able to...
Write the most important characteristic that Aspergillus niger, Clostridium bretylium, and Lactobacillus share.
Solution: The most important feature that Aspergillus Niger, Clostridium butylicum, and Lactobacillus have in common is that they are all microorganisms involved in the creation of acids....
Why is distillation required for producing certain alcoholic drinks?
Solution: Different types of alcoholic drinks are produced depending on the type of raw material used for fermentation and the style of processing (with or without distillation). Wine and beer are...
How has the discovery of antibiotics helped mankind in the field of medicine?
Solution: Antibiotics produced by bacteria are widely recognized as one of the most important discoveries of the twentieth century, and they have made a tremendous contribution to human wellbeing....
What for Nucleopolyhydro viruses are being used nowadays?
Solution: In farms, nucleopolyhydro viruses are employed to manage pests and other arthropods. These viruses are narrow-spectrum, meaning they have no effect on plants, cattle, humans, or non-target...
Why do we prefer to call secondary wastewater treatment as a biological treatment?
Solution: Secondary waste water treatment is called biological treatment because microorganisms are involved in the breakdown of organic matter in this phase of waste water treatment. The primary...
Name a microbe used for statin production. How do statins lower blood cholesterol level?
Solution: For commercial stain production, the yeast Monascus purpureus is utilised. Stain works by inhibiting the cholesterol-forming enzyme in a competitive manner, decreasing blood cholesterol...
What are fermenters?
Solution: The fermenter is a vessel or apparatus that is used to conduct microbial fermentation for the commercial manufacture of specific chemicals. Fermenters come in a variety of shapes and...
Why does ‘Swiss cheese’ have big holes?
Solution: When a bacterium called Propionibacterium sharmanii consumes the lactose protein in the cheese to make lactic acid, it produces a lot of carbon dioxide. This is why Swiss cheese has large...
Activated sludge should have the ability to settle quickly so that it can:
a. be rapidly pumped back from sedimentation tank to aeration tank
b. absorb pathogenic bacteria present in wastewater while sinking to the bottom of the settling tank
c. be discarded and anaerobically digested
d. absorb colloidal organic matter.
Solution: Option (a) is the answer. To be pumped back to the aeration tank, the activated sludge must settle fast. 'Be swiftly pumped back from the sedimentation tank to the aeration tank' is the...
Methanogens do not produce:
a. oxygen
b. methane
c. hydrogen sulfide
d. carbon dioxide.
Solution: Option (a) is the answer. Methanogens are a type of prokaryotic bacteria that belongs to the Archaea phylum. - Prokaryotes are organisms that lack a well-defined nucleus and cell...
The residue left after methane production from cattle dung is:
a. burnt
b. buried in landfills
c. used as manure
d. used in civil construction.
Solution: Option (c) is the answer Because it provides certain organic compounds and minerals to the soil, the residue remaining after methane production from calf dung is used as manure. As a...
Big holes in Swiss cheese are made by a:
a. a machine
b. a bacterium that produces methane gas
c. a bacterium producing a large amount of carbon dioxide
d. a fungus that releases a lot of gases during its metabolic activities.
Solution: Option (c) is the answer. When Propionibacterium shermani consumes lactic acid, it produces carbon dioxide and bubbles. Big holes appear in the Swiss cheese as a result of the bubbles. As...
Which one of the following is not a nitrogen-fixing organism?
a. Anabaena
b. Nostoc
c. Azotobacter
d. Pseudomonas
Solution: Option (d) is the answer. Nitrogen fixation is aided by Anabaena, Nostoc, and Azotobacter. Pseudomonas, on the other hand, execute denitrification, which is the conversion of nitrates to...
Mycorrhiza does not help the host plant in:
a. Enhancing its phosphorus uptake capacity
b. Increasing its tolerance to drought
c. Enhancing its resistance to root pathogens
d. Increasing its resistance to insects.
Solution: Option (d) is the answer. Mycorrhizae aids the host plant in boosting its phosphorus uptake capability and drought tolerance. Mycorrhiza produces compounds that protect against pathogens...
What would happen if oxygen availability to activated sludge flocs is reduced?
a. It will slow down the rate of degradation of organic matter
b. The centre of flocs will become anoxic, which would cause the death of bacteria and eventually breakage of flocs.
c. Flocs would increase in size as anaerobic bacteria would grow around flocs.
d. Protozoa would grow in large numbers
Solution: The microorganisms' ability to break down and destroy the organic materials in sewage or activated sludge is dependent on oxygen. The degradation rate will slow if the oxygen availability...
The free-living fungus Trichoderma can be used for:
a. killing insects
b. biological control of plant diseases
c. controlling butterfly caterpillars
d. producing antibiotics
Solution: Option (b) is the answer. Trichoderma fungi are free-living fungi found in abundance in root habitats. They are employed in the treatment of plant diseases and are efficient biocontrol...
The technology of biogas production from cow dung was developed in India largely due to the efforts of:
a. Gas Authority of India
b. Oil and Natural Gas Commission
c. Indian Agricultural Research Institute and Khadi & Village Industries Commission
d. Indian Oil Corporation
Solution: Option (c) is the answer. The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) and the Khadi & Village Industries Commission (KVIC) were instrumental in developing the method for...
Which one of the following alcoholic drinks are produced without distillation?
a. Wine
b. Whisky
c. Rum
d. Brandy
Solution: Option (a) is the answer. Wine is an alcoholic beverage made without the use of distillation, whereas whiskey, rum, and brandy are made by distilling a fermented broth. Depending on the...
BOD of wastewater is estimated by measuring the amount of:
a. total organic matter
b. biodegradable organic matter
c. oxygen evolution
d. oxygen consumption.
Solution: The amount of oxygen consumed when all the organic matter in one liter is oxidized by bacteria is known as biological oxygen demand (BOD). Thus, the amount of oxygen used is used to...
The primary treatment of wastewater involves the removal of:
a. dissolved impurities
b. stable particles
c. toxic substances
d. harmful bacteria.
Solution: Option (b) is the answer. Filtration and sedimentation are used in the initial treatment to physically remove particles from the sewage. These are removed first by sequential filtering,...
Methanogenic bacteria are not found in:
a. rumen of cattle
b. gobar gas plant
c. bottom of water-logged paddy fields
d. activated sludge.
Solution: Option (d) is the answer. In activated sludge, methanogenic bacteria (bacteria that create methane) are not detected. Microorganisms that produce methane are anaerobic bacteria. Aerobic...
Wastewater treatment generates a large quantity of sludge, which can be treated by:
a. anaerobic digesters
b. floc
c. chemicals
d. oxidation pond.
Solution: Option (a) is the answer. During secondary treatment, a huge amount of activated sludge is generated, which is used as an inoculum, and a small portion of it is piped back to the massive...
The vitamin whose content increases following the conversion of milk into curd by lactic acid bacteria is
a. vitamin C
b. vitamin D
c. vitamin B12
d. vitamin E.
Solution: Option (c) is the answer 1. The bacteria lactobacillus converts the lactose in the milk into lactic acid, resulting in curd. 2. The nutritional content of the curd will change in...