a. Amyloplast : b. Elaioplast : c. Chloroplasts : d. Chromoplasts : e. Leucoplaststores protein granule.store oils or fats.contain chlorophyll pigments. contain colored pigments other than...
Match the followings and choose the correct option
Options:
a. A-ii, B-iv, C-v, D-i E-iii
b. A-iii, B-ii, C-iv, D-i E-v
c. A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv E-v
d. A-v, B-iv, C-iii, D-ii E-i
Column I A. LeavesB. SeedC. RootsD. AspirinE. Plasmolyzed cellColumn IIi. Anti-transpirantii. Transpirationiii. Negative osmotic potentialiv. Imbibitionv. Absorption Solution: (A) Leaves -ii....
Identify the process occurring in I, II and III
Solution: (I) Uniport- the movement of a single ion or molecule; (II) Antiport- the movement of two ions or molecules in opposite directions through the same transporter. (III) Symport - When two...
Comment on the experimental setup. What does the setup demonstrate?
b. What will happen to the level of water if a blower is placed close to setup?
c. Will the mercury level fluctuate (go up/down) if phenylmercuric acetate is sprayed on leaves?
Solution: a) The setup depicts the transpiration pull, which is the force that occurs when the water pulls upwards from the root to the leaves. b) If a blower is installed near the setup, it will...
Water molecule is very polar. Polar end of molecule attracts opposite charges on another water molecule (acts like a magnet). How will you explain this property of water with reference to the upward movement of water? Comment on the upward movement of water given the intermolecular hydrogen bonding in water.
Solution: The cohesion of the water molecules is the method through which water molecules remain linked to one another through hydrogen bonding. Water moves upward through xylem vessels, creating a...
The radiolabelled carbon in carbon dioxide supplied to potato plants in an experiment was seen in the tuber eventually. Trace the movement of the labelled carbon dioxide.
Solution: When the potato plant performs photosynthesis with radiolabelled CO2, it produces oxygen and glucose (C6H12O6), with the radiolabelled carbon present in the glucose molecule....
Halophytes may show cell pressure very much higher than atmospheric pressure. Explain how this can happen?
Solution: Their cell cytoplasm is hypertonic due to the greater salt concentration, allowing water from the surrounding cells or region to enter the cell cytoplasm. The cell will exert a greater...
Why are natural membranes selectively permeable. Give examples.
Solution: Natural membranes, such as the cell membrane, are selectively permeable, allowing only specific molecules to enter or exit the cell. A cell membrane is an example of a lipid bilayer that...
Plants show temporary and permanent wilting. Differentiate between the two. Do any of them indicate the water status of the soil?
Solution: Plants lose turgidity in temporary wilting when the rate of transpiration exceeds the rate of water absorption from the soil, while in permanent wilting, the plant wilts and is a permanent...
Minerals are present in the soil in sufficient amounts. Do plants need to adjust the types of solutes that reach the xylem? Which molecules help to adjust this? How do plants regulate the type and quantity of solutes that reach xylem?
Solution: Yes, the type and quantity of solutes that reach the xylem must be adjusted by plants. End dermal cell transport proteins aid in the maintenance and adjustment of solute transportation....
Define Uniport, Symport and Antiport. Do they require energy?
Solution: 1. Uniport: Uniport occurs when a single substance travels in a single direction through a cell membrane. 2. Antiport: Antiport occurs when two chemicals travel in opposite directions...
Observe the diagram and answer the following;
a. Are these types of guard cells found in monocots or dicots?
b. Which of these shows a higher water content (i) or (ii)?
c. Which element plays an important role in the opening and closing of stomata?
Solution: a) Because dicots have a bean-shaped morphology, these guard cells are seen in dicots. It's commonly dumble-shaped for monocots. b) Figure i) depicts a higher water content. c) Potassium...
Explain the mass flow hypothesis of transport in phloem
Solution: Munch presented the mass flow concept to explain sap circulation via the phloem in 1930. When the source (where the food is made) contains a high concentration of sugar, a diffusion...
How is facilitated diffusion different from diffusion?
Solution: Diffusion Facilitated diffusion(i) Diffusion takes place along an osmotic gradient.(i) Movement is against the osmotic gradient during assisted diffusion. (ii) It is a...
Differentiate between diffusion and translocation in plants.
Solution: The transfer of chemicals from a location of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration is known as diffusion. The bulk transfer of material in solution inside plant channels...
We know that plants are harmed by excess water. But plants survive under flooded condition. How are they able to manage excess water?
Solution: Some rice types are able to withstand flooding. These rice cultivars have special characteristics that enable plants endure floods. In the event of a flood, the stems of these plants grow...
ABA (Abscisic acid) is called a stress hormone.
a. How does this hormone overcome stress conditions?
b. From where does this hormone gets released in leaves?
Solution: a) Abscisic acid is a stress hormone that causes changes such as the shutting of stomata to prevent further water loss during water scarcity, seed germination when conditions are favorable...
What are ‘aquaporins’? How does the presence of aquaporins affect osmosis?
Solution: Aquaporins are a type of membrane protein that forms channels in the membrane and aids in the transportation of water between cells. The presence of aquaporins would speed up osmosis and...
Observe the figure and answer the question provided below the figure. Why does tube B show higher water rise than A?
Solution: Tube B has a higher water rise than tube A because the surface area of the narrow tube or tube B is less, resulting in a higher level of surface tension and hence a higher level of water...
What is the chemical composition of xylem and phloem sap?
Solution: The sap of the xylem is mostly made up of inorganic substances. The majority of Sulphur and Potassium is found in inorganic compounds. However, the majority of nitrogen is found in organic...
Salt is applied to tennis lawns to kill weeds. How does salting tennis lawns help in the killing of weeds without affecting the grass?
Solution: It is a common fallacy that salting just kills weeds and has no effect on grass. Because of osmosis, when salt is added to a plant, water from the plant cells leaks out. Excessive water...
Sugar crystals do not dissolve easily in ice-cold water. Explain
Solution: Water's kinetic energy decreases as the temperature drops. As a result, sugar crystals dissolve quickly in hot water. At room temperature, they will take a little longer to dissolve in...
When a freshly collected Spirogyra filament is kept in a 10% potassium nitrate solution, it is observed that the protoplasm shrinks in size:
a. What is this phenomenon called?
b. What will happen if the filament is replaced in distilled water?
Solution: a) Exosmosis is the name for this occurrence. b) If the filament is put in distilled water, the protoplasm becomes turgid again when water flows in and the shrunken protoplasm...
Keep some freshly cut flowers in a solution of food colour. Wait for some time for the dye to rise in the flower, when the stem of the flower is held up in light, coloured strands can be seen inside. Can this experiment demonstrate which tissue is conducting water up the stem?
Solution: This experiment can show which tissue is responsible for transporting water up the stem. The presence of colored strands indicates that the food color has been carried upwards through the...
Will the ascent of sap be possible without the cohesion and adhesion of the water molecules? Explain.
Solution: No, because these are the ones who are in charge of the same. The adhesive and cohesive properties of water maintain a continuous water column in the xylem vessels for sap ascent. Absence...
How can plants be grown under limited water supply without compromising on metabolic activities?
Solution: When a plant's water supply is limited, it adapts its physiology to conserve water. In xerophytes, for example, water loss is reduced by inhibiting transpiration. During the summer, even...
Various types of transport mechanisms are needed to fulfil the mineral requirements of a plant. Why are they not fulfilled by diffusion alone?
Solution: Plants also require mineral nutrients and charged ions such as potassium and sodium, which cannot be delivered by simple diffusion because the selectively permeable cell membrane does not...
In a girdled plant, when water is supplied to the leaves above the girdle, leaves may remain green for some time then wilt and ultimately die. What does it indicate?
Solution: When water is delivered to the leaves above the girdle of a girdled plant, the leaves may remain green for a period of time because leaves may synthesize their food through photosynthesis...
Cut pieces of beetroot do not leave colour in cold water but do so in hot water. Explain.
Solution: The leakage of the plasma membrane occurs when chopped beetroot pieces are maintained in hot water. Beetroot pigments are released into the water as a result, and the water becomes...
How are the intracellular levels of ions maintained higher than extracellular levels in animal cells?
Solution: Animal cells have ATP-powered pumps like the Na+- K+ pump where 3Na+ is sent out in exchange for 2 K+ ions thus increasing the level of K+ ions in the intracellular region. This is how via...
Water is indispensable for life. What properties of water make it useful for all biological processes on the earth?
a) Water is a polar solvent due to which it is regarded as the ‘universal solvent’.
b) Water has a high specific heat capacity.
c) Water has low viscosity and high surface tension.
d) The density of water decreases below 4◦C.
e) Capillarity of water
Solution: a) All living creatures' essential substances are solutes that are dissolved in water and transferred from one location to another. b) Specific heat is defined as the amount of energy...
Do different species of plants growing in the same area show the same rate of transpiration at a particular time? Justify your answer.
Solution; The number and distribution of stomata, the proportion of open stomata, water status, canopy shape, and other plant variables all influence the rate of transpiration. Different plant...
From your knowledge of physiology can you think of some method of increasing the life of cut plants in a vase?
Solution: Using cytokinins, a plant growth hormone that helps to delay senescence or the aging of plant tissues. To avoid water cavitation caused by air, immerse the cut stem in water in the vase.
If one wants to find minerals and in the form, they are mobilised in the plant, how will an analysis of the exudate help?
Solution: The identification of the forms and modes of mineral transport in plants was aided by an examination of xylem exudates. For example, an examination of xylem exudates found that the...
Minerals absorbed by the roots travel up the xylem. How do they reach the parts where they are needed most? Do all the parts of the plant get the same amount of the minerals?
Solution: Minerals are absorbed from the soil by the roots and transferred to various sections of the plant via the xylem vessels. Because various plants and plant parts have different mineral...
Correct the statements
a. Cells shrink in hypotonic solutions and swell in hypertonic solutions.
b. Imbibition is a special type of diffusion when water is absorbed by living cells.
c. Most of the water flow in the roots occurs via the symplast.
Solution: a) Hypertonic solutions cause cells to shrink, while hypotonic solutions cause them to swell. b) Imbibition is a type of diffusion in which water is absorbed by living or dead cells. c)...
Identify a type of molecular movement which is highly selective and requires special membrane proteins, but does not require energy.
Solution: Facilitated diffusion is a sort of molecular movement that is very selective and requires particular membrane proteins but does not require energy. Any substance's solubility in lipid...
A gardener forgot to water a potted plant for a day during summer, what will happen to the plant? Do you think it is reversible? If yes, how?
Solution: During the heat, if a potted plant is not watered for a day, it will wilt. This occurs as a result of excessive water loss through transpiration. In the majority of cases, this can be...
Describe briefly the three physical properties of water which helps in the ascent of water in the xylem.
Solution: i) The attraction between water molecules and other molecules is known as adhesion. ii) Cohesion is the force that keeps water molecules connected together through hydrogen bonding between...
Transpiration is a necessary evil in plants. Explain.
Solution: Transpiration is the process through which plants lose water from their aerial portions in the form of water vapour. When there is a large amount of transpiration, there is a large amount...
Differentiate between guttation and transpiration.
Solution: Guttation is the loss of water from the margins of leaves in the form of water droplets, whereas transpiration is the loss of water from the plant's aerial portions in the form of water...
Give the location of the Casparian strip and explain its role in the water movement.
Solution: Casparian strips are found in the radial and transverse endodermal cell walls of plant roots. It inhibits water from moving from the pericycle to the cortex, generating and maintaining a...
How does water moves within the root?
Solution: Osmosis is the process through which water flows from the soil to the roots. The soil has a higher water potential than the cytoplasm of the root hair. As a result, osmosis allows water to...
Differentiate between Apoplast and Symplast pathways of water movement. Which of these would need active transport?
Solution: 1. Apoplast is made up of non-living plant parts, whereas symplast is made up of living plant parts. 2. Passive diffusion occurs in the apoplast, whereas osmosis occurs in the symplast. 3....
Tradescantia leaf epidermal peel was taken and
a. Placed in the salt solution for five minutes.
b. After that, it was placed in distilled water. When seen under the microscope what would be observed in a and b?
Solution: a. The cells would have shrunk under the microscope because the salt solution is hypertonic, forcing water to flow out of the cell and exosmosis to occur. b. After that, the cell regains...
Why is solute potential always negative? Explain ${{y}_{w}}={{y}_{s}}+{{y}_{p}}$
Solution: Because the concentration of water in a solution is lower than that of pure water, when a solute is dissolved in water, the water potential is reduced. Solute potential is a metric for...
Define water potential and solute potential.
Solution: Water potential (${{\psi }_{w}}$) is the sum of solute potential (${{\psi }_{s}}$) and pressure potential ${{\psi }_{p}}:{{\psi }_{w}}={{\psi }_{s}}+{{\psi }_{p}}$ The osmotic potential,...
Given below is a table. Fill in the gaps
propertysimple diffusion facilitated transportactive transporti. Highly selectiveAYesFii. uphill transport BDYesii. requires ATPCEG Solution:...
In a plant, translocation in the xylem is unidirectional while in phloem it is bidirectional. Explain.
Solution: Phloem, a vascular bundle, is in charge of transporting food from the source to the sink. During seasons like spring, however, the process is reversed since the food that has been stored...
The C4 plants are twice as efficient as C3 plants in terms of fixing CO2 but lose only _________ as much water as C3 plants for the same amount of CO2 fixed.
Solution: Half In terms of CO2 fixation, C4 plants are twice as efficient as C3 plants, but they lose half as much water for the same amount of CO2 fixed.
The plant cell cytoplasm is surrounded by both cell wall and cell membrane. The specificity of transport of substances are mostly across the cell membrane, because _________________.
Solution: Both the cell wall and the cell membrane surround the cytoplasm of plant cells. Water and chemicals in solutions pass freely through the cell wall, but the membrane is selectively...
Water moves up against gravity and even for a tree of 20m height, the tip receives water within two hours. The most important physiological phenomenon which is responsible for the upward movement of water is _______________________.
Solution: Transpiration pull Even for a 20-meter-tall tree, water travels up against gravity. Water is delivered to the tip within two hours. Transpiration pull is the most essential physiological...
Absorption of water from the soil by dry seeds increases the _____________, thus helping seedlings to come out of the soil
Solution: Pressure The pressure created by dry seeds absorbing water from the earth increases, allowing seedlings to emerge from the soil.
A flowering plant is planted in an earthen pot and irrigated. Urea is added to make the plant grow faster, but after some time the plant dies. This may be due to _______________ .
Solution: Exosmosis A blossoming plant is irrigated and put in an earthen container. The plant is given urea to help it grow faster, but it eventually dies. Exosmosis could be to blame. Explanation:...
Osmosis is a special kind of diffusion, in which water diffuses across the cell membrane. The rate and direction of osmosis depends upon both ______________.
Solution: Pressure and concentration gradient Water diffuses over the cell membrane in osmosis, which is a type of diffusion. The pace and direction of osmosis are determined by a variety of...
In passive transport across a membrane, when two different molecules move in the opposite direction and independent of each other, it is called ___________.
Solution: Antiport Antiport is a type of passive transport across a membrane in which two protein molecules travel in opposite directions and independently of one another. Antiport is the...
Smaller, lipid-soluble molecules diffuse faster through the cell membrane, but the movement of hydrophilic substances are facilitated by certain transporters which are chemically ____________.
Solution: Smaller, lipid-soluble molecules diffuse faster through the cell membrane, although some transporters, which are primarily proteins, aid the passage of hydrophilic compounds.
Based on the figure given below which of the following statements is not correct?
a. Movement of solvent molecules will take place from chamber A to B.
b. Movement of solute will take place from A to B.
c. Presence of a semipermeable is a pre-requisite for this process to occur.
d. The direction and rate of osmosis depend on both the pressure gradient and concentration gradient.
Solution: Option (b) is the answer. Because the water in chamber A contains fewer solute particles, the water potential in chamber A is higher, allowing the water molecules in chamber A to move more...
Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association of a fungus with root system which helps in
A. Absorption of water
B. Mineral nutrition
C. Translocation
D. Gaseous exchange
Options:
a. Only A
b. Only B
c. both A and B
d. both B and C
Solution: Option (c) is the answer. Fungal mycelia are found in the roots of several higher plants. Mycorrhiza is the name for such a relationship. It reflects a mutualistic (symbiotic) relationship...
Water potential of pure water at standard temperature is equal to
a. 10
b. 20
c. Zero
d. None of the above
Solution: Option (c) is the answer. Water potential is the term for water's free energy. Water potential is also known as water's chemical potential. The kinetic energy or water potential of a...
When a plant undergoes senescence, the nutrients may be
a. accumulated
b. withdrawn
c. translocated
d. None of the above
Solution: Option (c) is the answer. Mineral ions are regularly moved from older portions of a plant to apical and lateral meristems, new leaves, developing fruits and seeds by diffusion and active...
Which of the following is an example of imbibition
a. uptake of water by root hair
b. exchange of gases in stomata
c. swelling of seed when putting in soil
d. opening of stomata
Solution: Option (c) is the answer. Water is absorbed by solids-colloids during imbibition, causing them to expand dramatically in volume. Water absorption by seeds and dry wood are two famous...
The process of guttation takes place
a. when the root pressure is high and the rate of transpiration is low.
b. when the root pressure is low and the rate of transpiration is high
c. when the root pressure equals the rate of transpiration
d. when the root pressure, as well as rate of transpiration, are high.
Solution: Option (a) is the answer. Guttation occurs in the absence of transpiration, particularly in low-light situations (early morning). While guttation causes water droplets to accumulate on the...
The form of sugar transported through phloem is
a. glucose
b. fructose
c. sucrose
d. ribose
Solution: Option (c) is the answer. Sugars synthesized in leaves (as a result of photosynthesis) are transported primarily through phloem downwards, upwardly, and laterally to all other organs,...
The lower surface of leaf will have more number of stomata in a
a. dorsiventral leaf
b. isobilateral leaf
c. both a and b
d. none of the above
Solution: Option (a) is the answer. The evaporative loss of water by plants is known as transpiration. It is mostly transmitted through the stomata in the leaves. In a dorsiventral (typically...
Explain pressure flow hypothesis of translocation of sugars in plants.
Solution: In plants, food is constantly prepared in the form of glucose in the mesophyll cells of the leaves. The prepared meal is transformed to sucrose, which is then transported to the phloem's...
(a) With the help of well-labelled diagrams, describe the process of plasmolysis in plants, giving appropriate examples.
(b) Explain what will happen to a plant cell if it is kept in a solution having higher water potential.
Solution: If a plant is kept in a solution having higher water potential, the following are the things that can happen- a) When water leaves a plant's cell and the cell membrane, the cell shrinks...
What causes the opening and closing of guard cells of stomata during transpiration?
Solution: The change in the turgidity of the guard cells is one of the factors that causes the stomata to open and close. The stomatal hole opens when guard cells become turgid, causing their thin...
Explain why xylem transport is unidirectional and phloem transport bi-directional.
Solution: When water is absorbed by roots through the xylem, it only travels upward. As a result, water transport is one-way. The phloem tissue transports the food. Food is created in the leaves and...
What essential role does the root endodermis play during mineral absorption in plants?
Solution: Endodermal cells have thickened radial walls as a result of lignin and suberin deposition. This blocks water and mineral apoplastic movement, enabling only symplastic mineral transport in...
Discuss the factors responsible for ascent of xylem sap in plants.
Solution: The following are the factors that cause xylem sap to rise in plants: Mutual attraction between water molecules is referred to as cohesion. Water molecules are drawn to the polar surface...
Describe transpiration pull model of water transport in plants. What are the factors influencing transpiration? How is it useful to plants?
Solution: The cohesion-tension model of water transport, which is formed by the loss of water or the process of transpiration from the pores of stomata of leaves, helps water rise in tall trees. The...
What role does root pressure play in water movement in plants?
Solution: Root pressure is developed in plant roots due to active nutrient absorption from the soil. Water (together with minerals) increases the pressure in the xylem when nutrients are actively...
How is the mycorrhizal association helpful in absorption of water and minerals in plants?
Solution: Mycorrhizal hyphae have a huge surface area, which aids in the absorption of water and minerals. As a result, plants' relationship with Mycorrhiza aids in the absorption of water and...
What happens when a pressure greater than the atmospheric pressure is applied to pure water or a solution?
Solution: When pure water or a solution is subjected to a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure, its water potential increases.
Briefly describe water potential. What are the factors affecting it?
Solution: The tendency of water to migrate from one location to another due to osmosis, gravity, and mechanical pressure is known as water potential. In other words, it is the difference between the...
Differentiate between the following:
(a) Diffusion and Osmosis
(b) Transpiration and Evaporation
(c) Osmotic Pressure and Osmotic Potential
(d) Imbibition and Diffusion
(e) Apoplast and Symplast pathways of movement of water in plants
(f) Guttation and Transpiration
Solution: The diffusion between all the following sets are- a) Diffusion and Osmosis DiffusionOsmosisIt is a form of passive transport in which a chemical moves from an area of higher concentration...
Explain why pure water has the maximum water potential.
Solution: Pure water has the greatest water potential since it has its own kinetic energy and is constantly in random motion. When solutes are added to pure water, the kinetic energy of the water...
Describe the role played by protein pumps during active transport in plants.
Solution: Protein pumps transport molecules through the cell membrane with the use of energy. These protein pumps transport the drug from a low-concentration area to a high-concentration area. They...
What are porins? What role do they play in diffusion?
Solution: Porins are proteins found in the outer membranes of plastids, mitochondria, and some bacteria that produce huge pores. Molecules as small as small proteins can pass through the huge holes....
What are the factors affecting the rate of diffusion?
Solution: Factors affecting the rate of diffusion are: Concentration gradient Permeability of the membrane separating them are all factors that influence the rate of diffusion. Temperature \s•...