Solution: Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose (a 6C chemical) into two pyruvic acid molecules (a 3C compound). It takes place in the cell's cytoplasm. Two pyruvates (pyruvic acid)...
4. Enumerate the assumptions that we undertake in making the respiratory balance sheet. Are these assumptions valid for a living system? Compare fermentation and aerobic respiration in this context.
Solution: Glycolysis Kreb's Cycle Electron transport mechanism is the metabolic pathway for respiration. Each one follows the next in a chronological order. i) The NADH produced during glycolysis is...
3. Oxygen is critical for aerobic respiration. Explain its role concerning ETS.
Solution: Because it eliminates hydrogen from the electron transport system, oxygen plays a critical role near the end of ETC. In the electron transport chain, it works as a hydrogen acceptor. If...
2. Given below is a diagram showing ATP synthesis during aerobic respiration, replace the symbols A, B, C, D and E by appropriate terms given in the box.
F1, Particle, Pi, 2H+, Inner mitochondrial membrane, ATP, F0 particle, ADP Solution: A = ATP B = F1 particle C = Pi D = 2H+ E = inner mitochondrial membrane
1. In the following flow chart, replace the symbols a,b,c and d with appropriate terms. Briefly explain the process and give any two application of it.
Solution: a = Glyceraldehyde – 3 – phosphate b = PEP (Phosphoenol pyruvic acid) c = C2H5OH d = Lactic acid Fermentation is the method. In the cell, anaerobic conditions exist. Homolactic...
23. The respiratory pathway is believed to be a catabolic pathway. However, the nature of the TCA cycle is amphibolic. Explain.
Solution: Because it breaks down the substrate, the respiratory route is thought to be catabolic. The pyruvate is broken down further in the TCA cycle to Acetyl CoA, which can then be synthesised...
22. Mention the important series of events of aerobic respiration that occur in the matrix of the mitochondrion and the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
Solution: i) Citric Acid Cycle/ Tricarboxylic acid cycle: It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix of the cell. ii) Electron transport system/oxidative phosphorylation: This takes place in the cell's...
21. Name the site (s) of pyruvate synthesis. Also, write the chemical reaction wherein pyruvic acid dehydrogenase acts as a catalyst.
Solution: The site of pyruvate synthesis is Cytoplasm in the cell. Pyruvate dehydrogenase → Pyruvic acid + CoA + NAD+ Acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+
20. Write any two energy-yielding reactions of glycolysis
Solution: Two energy-yielding reactions of glycolysis: Conversion of 1,3 – bisphosphoglyceric acid (1,3 – BPGA) to 3 – phosphoglyceric acid (3 – PGA). Conversion of 3- phosphoenolpyruvate (3 – PEP)...
19. How does a tree trunk exchange gas with the environment although it lacks stomata?
Solution: Despite the absence of stomata, a tree trunk exchanges gas with the environment via lenticels, which allow oxygen and other gases to pass through.
18. RuBP carboxylase, PEP carboxylase, Pyruvate dehydrogenase, ATPase, cytochrome oxidase, Hexokinase, Lactate dehydrogenase. Select/choose enzymes from the list above which are involved in
a. Photosynthesis b. Respiration c. Both in photosynthesis and respiration Solution: a. Enzymes used in photosynthesis are: – RuBP – PEP carboxylase – ATPase b. Enzymes used in respiration are: –...
17. The energy yield in terms of ATP is higher in aerobic respiration than during anaerobic respiration. Explain.
Solution: From a single glucose molecule, aerobic respiration creates 38 ATP molecules, whereas anaerobic respiration produces only 2 ATP molecules. As a result, ATP levels in aerobic respiration...
16. It is known that red muscle fibres in animals can work for longer periods continuously. How is this possible?
Solution: Animals' red muscle fibres can operate for longer periods of time because they contain myoglobin, an oxygen-transporting pigment. Because it is connected to the oxygen molecule, it is...
15. Respiration requires O2. How did the first cells on the earth manage to survive in an atmosphere that lacked O2?
Solution: Because they were anaerobes, the first cells on Earth were able to survive in an oxygen-deficient atmosphere. They were able to thrive by breaking down organic substances such as H2S. They...
14. When a substrate is being metabolized, why does not all the energy that released in one step? It is released in multiple steps. What is the advantage of step-wise release?
Solution: The benefit of releasing energy in stages is that each phase aids with energy regulation. And energy is only released when it is needed or generated. Heat is avoided, and energy is...
13. A process is occurring throughout the day, in ‘X’ organism. Cells are participating in this process. During this process ATP, CO2 and water are evolved. It is not a light-dependent process.
a. Name the process. b. Is it a catabolic or an anabolic process? c. What could be the raw material of this process? Solution: a. The process is known as cellular respiration. b. Because it includes...
12. Do you know any step in the TCA cycle where there is substrate-level phosphorylation? Which one?
Solution: In the TCA cycle, the step in which succinyl Co-A is transformed to succinic acid and one GTP molecule is generated through substrate-level phosphorylation is known as substrate-level...
11. ATP produced during glycolysis is a result of substrate-level phosphorylation. Explain.
Solution: During glycolysis, they are generated without the electron transport system or chemiosmosis. ADP and inorganic phosphatase are used to make ATP directly.
10. We commonly call ATP as the energy currency of the cell. Can you think of some other energy carriers present in a cell? Name any two.
Solution: Some other energy carriers present in a cell are: GTP (Guanine Triphosphate) ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)
9. Why is respiratory pathway referred to as an amphibolic pathway? Explain.
Solution: Because it involves the breakdown of substrates, the respiratory pathway is referred to as an amphibolic pathway. Acetyl CoA is formed once the fatty acids are broken down. Glycerol, too,...
8. The figure given below shows the steps in glycolysis. Fill in the missing steps A, B, C, D and also indicate whether ATP is being used up or released at step E?
Solution:
7. Comment on the statement – Respiration is an energy-producing process but ATP is being used in some steps of the process.
Solution: The phosphorylation reaction is the glycolysis process in which glucose is converted to glucose – 6 – phosphate which consumes one ATP. Despite the fact that the amount of ATP produced by...
6. Respiration is an energy-releasing and enzymatically controlled catabolic process which involves a step-wise oxidative breakdown of organic substances inside living cells.
In this statement about respiration explain the meaning of 1) Step-wise oxidative breakdown, and 2) Organic substances (used as substrates). Solution: 1) Step-wise oxidative breakdown: During...
5. Oxygen is an essential requirement for aerobic respiration but it enters the respiratory process at the end? Discuss.
Solution: Because it eliminates hydrogen from the electron transport system, oxygen is necessary for aerobic respiration. It serves as a hydrogen acceptor as well. The absence of oxygen will prevent...
4. The energy yield in terms of ATP is higher in aerobic respiration than anaerobic respiration. Why anaerobic respiration occurs even in organisms that live in aerobic condition like human beings and angiosperms?
Solution: Anaerobic respiration happens in creatures that are normally aerobic, such as humans, when a muscle is overworked or stressed. Germination of seeds in angiosperms results in anaerobic...
3. Pyruvic acid is the end product of glycolysis. What are the three metabolic products of pyruvic acid produced under aerobic and anaerobic conditions? Write their name in the space provided in the diagram.
Solution: i) CO2 + H2O ii) Lactic acid iii) C2H5OH + CO2
2. What is meant by the statement “aerobic respiration is more efficient.”?
Solution: When opposed to anaerobic respiration, aerobic respiration produces more energy. It's a procedure that produces a lot of energy. In addition, compared to anaerobic respiration, it produces...
1. If a person is feeling dizzy, glucose or fruit juice is given immediately, but not a cheese sandwich Explain.
Solution: Glucose, often known as fruit juice, is a simpler diet that is easily absorbed and assimilated by the body, as well as easily oxidised to provide energy.
7. The product of glycolysis (under hypoxia) in skeletal muscle and anaerobic fermentation in yeast are respectively _____________ and ________________.
Solution: Lactic acid is the product of glycolysis (under hypoxia) in skeletal muscle, whereas ethanol and carbon dioxide (C2H5OH and CO2) are the products of anaerobic fermentation in yeast.
6. Which of the following will release more energy on oxidation? Arrange them in ascending order.
a. 1 gm of fat b. 1 gm of protein c. 1 gm of glucose d. 0.5 g of protein + 0.5g glucose Solution: 1 gm of glucose < 0.5 g of protein + 0.5g glucose < 1 gm of protein < 1 gm of fat. This...
5. When does anaerobic respiration occur in man and yeast?
Solution: Anaerobic respiration happens in humans when a muscle is overworked or stressed, resulting in a lack of oxygen in the cells. It occurs in yeast when glucose oxidation is inadequate.
4. F1 particles participate in the synthesis of ________________.
Solution: It has the site for the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
3. Different substrates get oxidized during respiration. How does Respiratory Quotient (RQ) indicate which type of substrate, i.e., carbohydrate, fat or protein is getting oxidized?
R. Q. = A/B What do A and B stand for? What type of substrates have R.Q. of 1, < 1 or > 1? Solution: By dividing the volume of carbon dioxide (CO2) exhaled or evolved by the volume of oxygen...
2. Explain the term “Energy Currency”. Which substance acts as energy currency in plants and animals?
Solution: The energy currency in living beings is the energy that is stored and released. In plants and animals, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) serves as an energy currency.
1. Energy is released during the oxidation of compounds in respiration. How is this energy stored and released as and when it is needed?
Solution: Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is used to store the energy created during the oxidation of chemicals in respiration. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is stored as chemical bonds. ADP + IP +...
8. Match the following and choose the correct option from those given
below. Column I A. Molecular oxygen B. Electron acceptor C. Pyruvate dehydrogenase D. DecarboxylationColumn II i. α – Ketoglutaric acid ii. hydrogen acceptor iii. cytochrome C iv. acetyl Co A...
7. The end product of oxidative phosphorylation is
a. NADH b. Oxygen c. ADP d. ATP + H2O Solution: Option (d) is the answer.
6. Mitochondria are called powerhouses of the cell. Which of the following
Do observations support this statement? a. Mitochondria synthesise ATP b. Mitochondria have a double membrane c. The enzymes of the Krebs cycle are found in mitochondria. d. Mitochondria are...
5. Which of the following exhibits the highest rate of respiration?
a. Growing shoot apex b. Germinating seed c. Root tip d. Leaf bud Solution: Option (b) is the answer.
4. Electron Transport System (ETS) is located in mitochondrial
a. Outer membrane b. Inter membrane space c. Inner membrane d. Matrix Solution: Option (c) is the answer.
3. Pyruvic acid, the key product of glycolysis can have many metabolic
fates. Under the aerobic condition, it forms a. Lactic acid b. CO2 + H2O c. Acetyl CoA + CO2 d. Ethanol + CO2 Solution: Option (c) is the answer.
2. Phosphorylation of glucose during glycolysis is catalysed by
a. Phosphoglucomutase b. Phosphoglucoisomerase c. Hexokinase d. Phosphorylase Solution: Option (c) is the answer.
1. The ultimate electron acceptor of respiration in anaerobic organisms is:
a Cytochrome b Oxygen c Hydrogen d Glucose Solution: Option (b) is the answer.
12. What is the significance of step-wise release of energy in respiration?
Solution: During respiration, a single glucose molecule is decomposed to produce carbon dioxide and water, as well as ATP molecules. If all of the energy is released at once, the majority of it will...
11. What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Solution: The conversion of ADP to ATP by an electron transport mechanism is known as oxidative phosphorylation. When hydrogen protons travel through the inner mitochondrial membrane,...
10. Define RQ. What is its value for fats?
Solution: The ratio of volume of CO2 evolved to the volume of Oxygen consumed in respiration is called respiratory quotient (RQ) or respiratory ratio. RQ is less than 1 when the respiratory...
9. Discuss “The respiratory pathway is an amphibolic pathway.”
Solution: When organic components such as lipids, carbs, proteins, and other organic compounds are broken down in the respiratory system, they release energy. The nature of this phenomenon is...
8. What are the assumptions made during the calculation of net gain of ATP?
Solution: Assumptions made during the calculation of net gain of ATP are as follows During the oxidation of NADH produced within the mitochondria, three ATP molecules are produced.The shuttle system...
7. Distinguish between the following:
(a) Aerobic respiration and Anaerobic respiration (b) Glycolysis and Fermentation (c) Glycolysis and Citric acid Cycle Solution: a) Aerobic respiration and Anaerobic respiration Aerobic...
6. Explain ETS.
Solution: The electron transport system (ETS) is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and assists in the liberation and utilisation of energy held in the NADH+H+ and FADH2 molecules.NADH+...
5. Give the schematic representation of an overall view of Krebs’ cycle.
Solution: The schematic representation of an overall view of Krebs’ cycle is as follows:
4. What are the main steps in aerobic respiration? Where does it take place?
Solution: Main steps in aerobic respiration are as follows Glycolysis: Glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid in the cytoplasm (cytosol).Pyruvic acid oxidative decarboxylation to acetyl coenzyme-A...
3. Give the schematic representation of glycolysis?
Solution: Schematic representation of glycolysis is as follows:
2. What are respiratory substrates? Name the most common respiratory substrate.
Solution: Respiratory substrates are organic substrates that are oxidised during breathing to release energy within living cells. The most frequent respiratory substrates are carbohydrates,...
1. Differentiate between
(a) Respiration and Combustion (b) Glycolysis and Krebs’ cycle (c) Aerobic respiration and Fermentation Solution: a)Respiration and Combustion RespirationCombustionIt is a biochemical processIt is a...