Answer: (e) If a coil is viewed from one end, and the current flows in a clockwise direction, then this end is a south pole. Explanation: The clock face rule determines the coil's polarity. If we...
Fill in the following blanks with suitable words: c) The magnetic effect of a coil can be increased by increasing the number of ………, increasing the …….., or inserting an …. core.
d) If a coil is viewed from one end and the current flows in an anticlockwise direction, then this end is a pole.
Answer: (c) The magnetic effect of a coil can be increased by increasing the number of turns increasing the current or inserting an iron core. Explanation: The strength of an electromagnet can be...
Fill in the following blanks with suitable words:
a) The lines of ….. round a straight current-carrying conductor are in the shape of …..
b) For a current-carrying solenoid, the magnetic field is like that of a ……..
Answer: a) The lines of magnetic field round a straight current-carrying conductor are in the shape of concentric circles. Explanation: b) For a current-carrying solenoid, the magnetic field is like...
State three ways in which the strength of an electromagnet can be increased.
Answer: Listed below are the three methods by which the strength of an electromagnet can be increased: a) Increasing the number of turns in the coil is one way to accomplish this. The current...
What is the shape of a current-carrying conductor whose magnetic field pattern resembles that of a bar magnet?
Answer: A solenoid is the shape of a current-carrying conductor with a magnetic field pattern that is similar to that of a bar magnet.
State whether the following statement is true or false:
The magnetic field inside a long circular coil carrying current will be parallel straight lines
Answer: True A lengthy circular coil carrying current has a field of parallel straight lines. The figure depicts a similar circumstance. In this case, the right-hand rule is applicable. Imagine a...
What is the other name of Maxwell’s right-hand thumb rule?
Answer: Maxwell's right-hand thumb rule is also known as the corkscrew rule. According to the rule, fingers curl in the direction of magnetic field lines when the thumb of the right-hand points in...
State the form of magnetic field lines around a straight current-carrying conductor.
Answer: Concentric circles are formed by the magnetic lines that surround a straight current-carrying conductor.
Name the rule for finding the direction of the magnetic field produced by a straight current-carrying conductor.
Answer: Maxwell's right-hand thumb rule is used to determine the direction of a magnetic field created by a straight current-carrying conductor.
State qualitatively the effect of inserting an iron core into a current-carrying solenoid.
Answer: In the case of a current-carrying solenoid, the magnetic field becomes extremely powerful when an iron core is introduced.
Name the scientist who discovered the magnetic effect of current.
Answer: Oersted was the physicist who made the discovery of the magnetic effect of electrical current.
What conclusion do you get from the observation that a current-carrying wire deflects a compass needle placed near it?
Answer: The observation of a current-carrying wire deflecting a compass needle leads to the conclusion that a magnetic field is produced around the needle.
Which effect of current can be utilized in detecting a current-carrying wire concealed in a wall?
Answer: A current-carrying wire disguised in a wall can be detected using the magnetic effect of current.
a) Define magnetic field lines. Describe an activity to draw a magnetic field line outside a bar magnet from one pole to another pole.
b) Explain why a freely suspended magnet always points in the north-south direction.
Answer: a) When the north magnetic pole moves, the magnetic field lines move. Magnetic field lines are also called magnetic force lines. Activity: Compass and bar magnet, please. Attach the bar...
When an electric current is passed through any wire, a magnetic field is produced around it. Then why an electric iron connecting cable does not attract iron objects when electric current is switched on through it?
Answer: In the presence of an electric current flowing through a wire, it is true that a magnetic field is A magnetic field is created when an electric current flows across a wire. But these...
Explain why two magnetic field lines do not intersect each other?
Answer: Because the resultant force on the north pole is always in one direction, the two magnetic field lines do not cross. The resultant force will be in two directions when the magnetic field...
What is a magnetic field? How can the direction of magnetic field lines at a place be determined?
Answer: When a magnet is present, the magnetic field is defined as the space surrounding the magnet in which the magnetic force is exerted. Using a compass needle, it is possible to detect the...
Draw a diagram to show the magnetic field lines around a bar magnet.
Answer: The diagram to show magnetic line around the bar magnet is:
Fill in the following blanks with suitable words:
a) Magnetic field lines leave the …. Pole of a bar magnet and enters at its …..
b) The earth’s magnetic field is rather like that of a ….. magnet with its …. Pole in the northern hemisphere.
Answer: a) North and south b) Bar and south Explanation: A magnetic compass can trace a bar magnet's magnetic field lines. The compass can be moved from one bar magnet pole to another. In order to...
Where do the manufacturers use a magnetic strip in the refrigerator? Why is the magnetic strip used?
Answer: It is necessary to install magnetic strips in the refrigerator doors in order to keep the door closed.
Why does a compass needle get deflected when brought near a bar magnet?
Answer: Because the needle is exposed to the magnetic field exerted by the bar magnet, when a compass needle is brought close to the bar magnet, it deviates off its course.
State whether the following statement is true or false: The axis of earth’s imaginary magnet and the geographical axis coincide with each other.
Answer: False The axis of the imaginary magnet of the earth and the axis of the geographical axis are 15 degrees out of phase with each other.
You are given the magnetic field pattern of a magnet. How will you find out from it where the magnetic field is the strongest?
Answer: When the magnetic field lines are the nearest to each other, the magnetic field is at its strongest level.
What are the two ways in which you can trace the magnetic field pattern of a bar magnet?
Answer: The magnetic field pattern of a bar magnet can be determined in two ways: first, by measuring the voltage across the magnet; and second, by measuring the current through the magnet.
State any two properties of magnetic field lines.
Answer: Listed below are some characteristics of magnetic field lines: a) Always begin at the north pole and end at the south pole, magnetic field lines are created. b) The magnetic field lines...
a) What is long-sightedness? State the two causes of long-sightedness. With the help of ray diagram, show:
i) the eye defect long sightedness
ii) correction of long-sightedness using a lens
b) An eye has a near point distance of 0.72m. What sort of lens in spectacles would be needed to reduce the near point distance to 0.25m? Also, calculate the power of lens required. Is this eye long-sighted or short-sighted?
c) An eye has far point of 2m. What type of lens in spectacles would be needed to increase the far point to infinity? Also, calculate the power of lens required. Is this eye long-sighted or short-sighted?
a) Long sightedness is a vision problem in which a person can't see items that are far away yet can see objects that are close by. The two main reasons of long-sightedness are as follows: I The eye...
a) What is short-sightedness? State the two causes of short-sightedness. With the help of ray diagram, show:
i) the eye defect short-sightedness
ii) correction of short-sightedness by using a lens
b) A person having short-sight cannot see objects clearly beyond a distance of 1.5m. What would be the nature and power of the corrective lens to restore proper vision?
a) Short sightedness is a vision problem in which a person has trouble seeing items that are maintained close by. The two main causes of nearsightedness are as follows: I An excessive curvature of...
Fill in the following blanks with suitable words:
A person is short-sighted if his eyeball is too …….. Spectacles with a ………… lens are needed. A person is long-sighted of his eyeball is too ……….. Spectacles with a …………. lens are needed. These focus light rays exactly on to the ………..
Long, concave, short, convex, and retina are some of the shapes available.
When is a person said to have developed cataract in his eye? How is the vision of a person having cataract restored?
When a person's eye develops a gradual hazy development that causes impaired vision, he is said to have acquired cataract. Surgery is used to address this flaw. In addition, an opaque lens is...
What is presbyopia? Write two causes of this defect. Name the type of lens which can be used to correct presbyopia.
Presbyopia is a visual problem in which a person's ability to perceive adjacent things is hampered owing to a lack of eye accommodation power. This is due to the ciliary muscles being weaker and the...
A person needs a lens of power -5.5 dioptres for correcting his distant vision. For correcting his near vision, he needs a lens of power +1.5 dioptres. What is the focal length of the lens required for correcting
a) Distant vision
b) Near vision
a) For long-range vision, P = -5.5D 1/f = P f = 1/P = -18.18cm b) For close-up vision, 1.5D = P 1/f = P f = 1/P = 66.66cm
The near point of a person suffering from hypermetropia is at 50cm from his eye. What is the nature and power of the lens needed to correct this defect?
If you have hypermetropia, you should wear convex lenses. Given, u = -25cm object distance v = -50cm image distance 1/v-1/u=1/f 100/f = 100/50 = 2D
A person suffering from the eye defect myopia can see clearly only up to a distance of 2 metres. What is the nature and power of lens required to rectify this defect?
Myopia sufferers can benefit from concave lenses. Given, 2m is the far point of a myopic eye. u = infinite, object distance v = 2m image distance 1/v-1/u=1/f f = -2m f = -2m f = -2m -0.5D = P = 1/f...
Explain with the help of a labelled ray diagram, the defect of vision called hypermetropia and how it is corrected by a lens.
Hypermetropia, often known as long-sightedness, is a condition in which a person is unable to see clearly adjacent things. A convex lens can be used to remedy the problem. The ray diagram is as...
Explain with the help of labelled ray diagram, the defect of vision called myopia and how it is corrected by a lens.
Myopia, often known as short-sightedness, is a condition in which a person has trouble seeing objects that are close by. A concave lens is used to remedy this flaw. The ray diagram for myopia...
Name the defect of vision which can be corrected by a diverging lens. Show clearly by a ray diagram how the lens corrects the defects.
Myopia is corrected using a diverging lens. The ray diagram for myopia correction is as follows: a) For a myopic eye, image production occurs in the front of the retina. b) F is the myopic eye's far...
Name the defect of vision which can be corrected by a converging lens. Show clearly by a ray diagram how the lens corrects the defect.
Hypermetropia is corrected using a convergent lens. a) If a person has hypermetropia, the image of a close object will develop behind the retina. b) N' is the hypermetropic eye's near point, which...
Differentiate between myopia and hypermetropia. What type of spectacles should be worn by a person having the defects of myopia as well as hypermetropia? How it help?
Myopia is a condition in which a person can see items close up but has trouble seeing objects at a distance. Hypermetropia is a condition in which a person can see items that are situated at a...
What are the two most common defects of vision? How are they corrected?
Myopia and hypermetropia are the two most frequent visual problems that may be treated by concave and convex lenses, respectively.
Complete the following sentences:
a) A short-sighted person cannot see ………. objects clearly. Short-sightedness can be corrected by using ……. lenses.
b) A long-sighted person cannot see ………… objects clearly. Long-sightedness can be corrected by using …….. lenses.
a) Distant, concave b) Nearby, convex
A student sitting in the last row of the class-room is not able to read clearly the writing on the blackboard.
a) Name the type of defect he is suffering from.
b) How can this defect by corrected?
a) Myopia b) Concave lens
A man can read the number of a distant bus clearly but he finds difficulty in reading a book. A man can read the number of a distant bus clearly but he finds difficulty in reading a book.
a) From which defect of the eye is he suffering?
b) What type of spectacle lens should he use to correct the defect?
a) Hypermetropia b) Convex lens
Your friend can read a book perfectly well but cannot read the writing on blackboard unless she sits on the front row in class.
a) Is she short-sighted or long-sighted?
b) What type of lenses: converging or diverging would an optician prescribe for her?
a) Short-sighted b) Diverging lenses
Where is the near point of a person suffering from hypermetropia?
The near point for a person with hypermetropia is 25 centimetres.
What is the far point of person suffering from myopia?
Less than infinity is the furthest point for a myopic person
Name the body part with which the terms myopia and hypermetropia are connected.
Eye
Name one defect of vision which cannot be corrected by any type of spectacle lenses.
Cataract
Name any two defects of vision which can be corrected by using spectacles.
a) Myopia b) Hypermetropia
What is the other name of old age hypermetropia?
Presbyopia
Name the defect of vision which makes the eye lens cloudy resulting in blurred vision.
Cataract is the visual impairment that causes the eye lens to become hazy, resulting in blurred vision.
Name the defect of vision in which the eye lens loses its power of accommodation due to old age
Presbyopia is the visual problem caused by the eye lens losing its accommodation power as it ages.
State whether the following statement is true or false:
Short-sightedness can be cured by using a concave lens.
A concave lens can be used to correct short-sightedness.
What kind of lens is used to correct
a) Short-sightedness
b) Long-sightedness
a) Concave lens b) Convex lens
What is the scientific name of
a) Short-sightedness
b) Long-sightedness
a) Myopia b) Hypermetropia
What is the other name for
a) Myopia
b) Hypermetropia
a) Near-sightedness b) Far-sightedness
What type of lens is used to correct
a) Hypermetropia
b) Myopia
a)convex lens are kind of corrective lens used. b)concave lens are kind of corrective lens used
Which defect of vision can be rectified:
a) By using a concave lens?
b) By using a convex lens?
a) Through the use of a concave lens-Myopia b) Through the use of a convex lens-Hypermetropia
Name the defect of vision in a person:
a) Whose near point is more than 25cm away.
b) Whose far point is less than infinity.
a) Whose nearest point is further away than 25cm is Hypermetropia b) Whose far point is smaller than the limit of infinity Myopia
Name one of the common defects of vision and the type of lens used to remove it.
Myopia is one of the visual impairments that may be corrected using a concave lens.
The size of the pupil of the eye is adjusted by:
a) cornea
b) ciliary muscles
c) optic nerve
d) iris
d) iris is the correct answer.
Which of the following changes occur when you walk out of bright sunshine into a poorly lit room?
a) the pupil becomes larger
b) the lens becomes thicker
c) the ciliary muscles relaxes
d) the pupil becomes smaller
The correct response is a) the pupil enlarges.
How does the eye change in order to focus on near or distant object?
a) the lens moves in or out
b) the retina moves in or out
c) the lens becomes thicker or thinner
d) the pupil gets larger or smaller
The correct response is c) the lens thickens or thins.
The human eye possesses the power of accommodation. This is the power to:
a) alter the diameter of the pupil as the intensity of light changes
b) distinguish between lights of different colours
c) focus on objects at different distances
d) decide which of the two objects is closer
The correct response is c) concentrate on things at various distances.
Which of the following controls the amount of light entering the eye?
a) ciliary muscles
b) lens
c) iris
d) cornea
c) iris is the correct answer.
The term “accommodation” as applied to the eye, refers to its ability to:
a) control the light intensity falling on the retina
b) erect the inverted image formed on the retina
c) vary the focal length of the lens
d) vary the distance between the lens and retina
The correct answer is c) change the lens' focal length.
To focus the image of a nearby object on the retina of an eye:
a) the distance between eye-lens and retina is increased
b) the distance between eye-lens and retina is decreased
c) the thickness of eye-lens is decreased
d) the thickness of eye-lens is increased
The correct response is d) the eye-lens thickness is raised.
Refraction of light in the eye occurs at:
a) the lens only
b) the cornea only
c) both the cornea and the lens
d) the pupil
The proper response is c), which includes both the cornea and the lens.
The least distance of distinct vision for a young adult with normal vision is about:
a) 25m
b) 2.5cm
c) 25cm
d) 2.5m
b) 25cm is the right answer.
The change in focal length of an eye-lens is caused by the action of the:
a) pupil
b) retina
c) ciliary muscles
d) iris
Ciliary muscles is the right answer.
The human eye forms the image of an object at its:
a) cornea
b) iris
c) pupil
d) retina
d) retina is the right answer.
a) Explain the functions of the following parts of the eye:
a) cornea
b) iris
c) pupil
d) ciliary muscles
e) eye-lens
f) retina
g) optic nerve
b) If you walk from a dark room into sunlight and back again into dark room, how would your pupils alter in size? What makes this happen?
c) Explain why we cannot see our seats first when we enter a darkened cinema hall from bright light but gradually they become visible.
a) Cornea: The cornea is the front portion of an eye through which light enters. b) Iris: The iris regulates the quantity of light that enters the eye. c) Pupil: The pupil controls the amount of...
a) Draw a simple diagram of the human eye and label clearly the cornea, iris, pupil, ciliary muscles, eye lens, retina, optic never, and blind spot.
b) Describe the working of the human eye with the help of the above diagram.
c) How does the eye adjust itself to deal with light of varying intensity?
b)working of human eye c)The iris changes the size of the pupil in response to changing light intensity. The iris contracts the pupil and decreases the quantity of light entering the eye when the...
a) What happens to the size of pupil of our eye
i) in dim light
ii) in bright light
b) Name the cells on the retina of an eye which are sensitive to
i) bright light?
ii) dim light
iii) sensation of colour
a) (i) In dim light, the pupil dilates. ii) In strong light, the pupil shrinks.' b) i) Cones ii) Rods iii) Cones
a) How does the convex eye lens differ from the ordinary convex lens made of glass?
b) List in order the parts of the eye through which light passes to reach the retina.
a) The convex eye lens differs from a regular convex lens in that the ciliary images regulate the focal length of the convex lens in the eye, but the focal length of a regular convex lens is set by...
What are rods and cones in the retina of an eye? Why is our night vision relatively poor compared t the night vision of an owl?
The cells in the retina of an eye are called rods and cones. Rods are cells that have a rod form and are sensitive to low light. Cones are light-sensitive cones that are cone-shaped. Humans have a...
There are two types of light-sensitive cells in the human eye:
a) Where are they found?
b) What is each type called?
c) To what is each type of cell sensitive?
a) The retina has two types of light-sensitive cells. b) Rods and cones are the names for these cells. c) Rods respond to dim light, whereas cones respond to strong light.
Describe and explain how a normal eye can see objects lying at various distances clearly.
The ciliary muscles are used to concentrate on objects that are far away. The suspensory ligaments are drawn and connected to the eye lens, and the ciliary muscles are totally relaxed.
Ciliary muscles of human eye can contract or relax. How does it help in the normal functioning of the eye?
When the ciliary muscle relaxes, the eye lens becomes thinner, making it easier to perceive distant things. When the ciliary muscle contracts, the eye lens thickens, making it easier to view close...
A person walking in a dark corridor enters into a brightly lit room:
a) State the effect on the pupil of the eye
b) How does this affect the amount of light entering the eye?
a) The pupil reduces in size. b) There is a reduction in the quantity of light that enters the eye.
Why does it take some time to see objects in a dim room when you enter the room from bright sunshine outside?
When you enter a dim room from bright sunlight outside, it takes some time to see items since the pupil size is tiny and the intensity of light outside is higher. The pupil widens as we enter a...
What happens to the eye when you enter a darkened cinema hall from bright sunshine? Give reason for your answer.
When we walk into a darkened cinema theatre after being in strong sunlight, we can't see much well at first. However, our vision improves quickly. Because the amount of light entering the eye...
How is the amount of light entering the eye controlled?
The quantity of light that enters the eye is controlled by the iris. The size of the pupil is changed depending on the strength of the light received by the eye. If the intensity of the light...
What change is made in the eye to enable it to focus on objects situated at different distances? Ilustrate your answer with the help of diagrams.
The ciliary muscles of the eye must either be totally relaxed or stretched in order for an eye to concentrate on things at varying distances. The ciliary muscle contracts, causing the suspensory...
The eyes of a person are focused
i) On a nearby object
ii) On a distant object, turn by turn. In which case:
a) The focal length of eye-lens will be the maximum?
b) The converging power of eye-lens will be the maximum?
a) When the eye is focused on a distant object, the focal length of the eye-lens is at its maximum. b) When the eye is focused on a close object, the converging power of the eye-lens is at its...
What changes take place in the shape of eye-lens:
a) When the eye is focused on a near object?
b) When the eye is focused on a distant object?
a) The eye-lens thickens when the eye is focused on a close object. b) The eye-lens grows narrower when the eye is focused on a distant object.
Why is a normal eye not able to see clearly the objects placed closer than 25cm?
Because the eye's accommodation power of 25cm is spent, a typical eye cannot see clearly things that are put closer than 25cm. When the eye's maximal accommodation is achieved, the ciliary muscles...
Fill in the following blanks with suitable words:
a) Most of the refraction of light rays entering the eye occurs at the outer surface of the ……
b) The part of eye sensitive to light is ……….
c) The part of eye which alters the size of the pupil is ………….
d) When light is dim, the pupil becomes ……………
e) The iris controls the amount of ……… entering the eye.
f) The ciliary muscles control the shape of the ………
g) To bring light from a distant object to a focus on the retina of the eye, the convex eye-lens needs to be made …….?
h) To bring light from a near object to a focus on the retina of the eye, the convex eye lens needs to be made …….
a) The outer surface of the eye is where the majority of light rays entering the eye are refracted is cornea, b) The light-sensitive portion of the eye is retina, c) The portion of the eye that...
Give the scientific names of the following parts of the eye:
a) Carries signals from an eye to the brain
b) Muscles which change the shape of the eye-lens
c) A hole in the middle of the iris
d) A clear window at the front of the eye
e) Changes shape to focus a picture on the retina
a) The optic nerve b) Muscles of the iliac crest c) Student d)Cornea e) Contact lenses
Define the term “power of accommodation” of human eye.
The capacity of an eye to concentrate a distant as well as a local object on the retina by altering the focal length of the lens is known as power of accommodation.
Name the part of our eyes which helps us to focus near and distant objects in quick succession.
Ciliary muscles allow us to focus on both close and far things in rapid succession.
What is the range of vision of a normal human eye?
A typical human eye has a visual range of infinity to 25cm.
What is the:
a) Far point of a normal human eye?
b) Near point of a normal human eye?
a) The furthest point of a typical human eye is infinity. b) The near point of a typical human eye is 25 cm.
What is the least distance of distinct vision for a normal human eye?
For a typical human eye, the minimum distance of clear vision is 25cm.
Why are we looking at alternate sources of energy?
Fossil fuels are non-renewable sources of energy, i.e. they are not available in large quantities and cannot be replenished. So we need to find alternate sources of energy. If not controlled, fossil...
What are the disadvantages of fossil fuels?
Disadvantages of fossil fuels are as follows: Air pollution is caused by fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum because large amounts of pollutants are released.When a fossil fuel is burned, gases...
If you could use any source of energy for heating your food, which one would you use and why?
Natural gas can be utilized for heating and cooking for the following reasons: Easy to use 2. Easily available 3. Easily transportable 4. Does not produce a lot of smoke on burning. 5. HIghly...
What is a good fuel?
When a fuel is readily available and gives a substantial amount of heat energy when burnt, it is said to be a good fuel.
What is a good source of energy?
Following are the properties of a good source of energy: It's economical 2. It's easy to store and transport 3. It's easily available 4. It's work done per unit volume or mass should be...
If copper is kept exposed to dump air for a considerable time, it gets a green coating on its surface. This is due to the formation of: (a) Hydrated copper sulphate (b) Copper oxide (c) Basic copper carbonate (d) Copper nitrate
Solution: Option (c) is the answer.
In stainless steel alloy, Iron metal is mixed with (a) Cu and Cr (b) Cr and Ni (c) Cr and Sn (d) Cu and Ni
Solution: Option (b) is the answer.
Why is damage to the ozone layer a cause for concern? What steps are being taken to limit this damage?
The ozone layer serves as a shield for the earth. It keeps dangerous UV rays out of the atmosphere, which are hazardous and can cause skin cancer. However, air pollutants such as chlorofluorocarbons...
If all the waste we generate is biodegradable, will this have no impact on the environment?
Microorganisms breakdown biodegradable wastes into simpler molecules that can be used as a raw material by companies. However, the following are the consequences of a surplus of biodegradable waste:...
What are the problems caused by the non-biodegradable wastes that we generate?
The following are some of the issues that non-biodegradable wastes cause: Microorganisms are unable to breakdown these compounds.Dumping becomes a challenge as the quantity grows.In the top trophic...
What is biological magnification? Will the levels of this magnification be different at different levels of the ecosystem?
Biological amplification is the gradual increase in the concentration of the non-biodegradable contaminants in the food chain. All subsequent levels are affected as ecological amplification occurs...
Will the impact of removing all the organisms in the trophic level be different for different trophic levels? Can the organisms of any trophic level be removed without causing any damage to the ecosystem?
Yes, the effects of removing all species from a trophic level will vary depending on the trophic level. If all the producers are gone, there is a potential that the principal consumers would die or...
What will happen if we kill all the organisms in one trophic level?
If all of the species in one trophic level are killed, the food supply to the next level will be cut off, causing an ecosystem imbalance. As a result, the animals at higher trophic levels will die,...
Which of the following are environment-friendly practices? a. Carrying cloth bags to put purchases in while shopping b. Switching off unnecessary lights and fans c. Walking to school instead of getting your mother to drop you on her scooter d. All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following constitute a food-chain? a. Grass, wheat and mango b. Grass, goat and human c. Goat, cow and elephant d. Grass, fish and goat
b. Grass, goat and human The grass is the primary producer, the goat is the primary consumer, and the human is the secondary consumer in this scenario.
Which of the following groups contain only biodegradable items? a. Grass, flowers and leather b. Grass, wood and plastic c. Fruit peels, cake and lime juice d. Cake, wood and grass
a) Grass, flowers and leatherc) Fruit peels, cake and lime juiced) Cake, wood and grass The groupings that contain exclusively biodegradable things are the most important. That group cannot be...
How can you help in reducing the problem of waste disposal? Give any two methods.
The following are some suggestions for reducing the trash disposal issue: 3 R's: The 3 R's can help to alleviate the problem of waste disposal. Reduce, recycle, and reuse are the three R's. Air...
What is ozone and how does it affect the ecosystem?
Ozone is a molecule made up of three oxygen atoms that is classified as an isotope of oxygen. The major function of the ozone layer is to protect the earth's surface from the sun's harmful UV rays....
The major ore of aluminium is known as: (a) Cinnabar (b) Calamine (c) Bauxite (d) Pyrolusite
Solution: Option (c) is the answer.
The two metals which are extracted by means of electrolytic reduction of their molten salts are: (a) Magnesium and manganese (b) Iron and aluminium (c) Zinc and magnesium (d) Magnesium and aluminium.
Solution: Option (d) is the answer.
An important Ore of aluminium is known as: (a) Calamine (b) Cuprite (c) Pyrolusite (d) Haematite
Solution: Option (a) is the answer.
Give any two ways in which non-biodegradable substances would affect the environment.
The following are some of the ways that non-biodegradable compounds might harm the environment: They cause soil, air and water pollution.They have the potential to produce bio-magnification in the...
A common metal that is highly resistant to corrosion is: (a) Iron (b) Copper (c) Aluminium (d) Magnesium
Solution: Option (c) is the answer. Because a thin oxide layer forms on the surface of aluminium, it resists corrosion (aluminium oxide or Al2O3). This inhibits additional corrosion by forming a...
The two metals which can be extracted just by heating the sulphides in air are: (a) Sodium and copper (b) Copper and aluminium (c) Potassium and zinc (d) Mercury and copper
Solution: Option (d) is the answer. Mercury and copper are both low on the reactivity range and are less reactive metals. As a result, they can be removed by heating their sulphides in air and then...
Give any two ways in which biodegradable substance would affect the environment.
Biodegradable compounds would have the following effects on the environment: They help to keep the environment clean since they degrade quickly. 2. With the help of decomposers, they can easily...
The metal which can be extracted from the bauxite ore is: (a) Na (b) Mn (c) Al (d) Hg
Solution: Option (c) is the answer. Bauxite is a reddish clay-based rock that is most often found in tropical and subtropical climates. Aluminum oxide compounds (alumina), silica, iron oxides, and...
Which of the following is iron ore? (a) Cinnabar (b) Calamine (c) Haematite (d) Rock salt
Solution: Option (c) is the answer. Hematite, sometimes spelt haematite, is a common iron oxide compound with the formula Fe₂O₃ that may be found in a variety of rocks and soils. Hematite crystals...
Why are some substances biodegradable and some non-biodegradable?
Because microbes like bacteria and decomposers like saprophytes have a specific role to play, some compounds are biodegradable while others are not. They can only break down natural materials like...
(d) What is an alloy? Give two examples of alloys. (e) How are the properties of an alloy different from those of the constituent elements?
Solution: (d) An alloy is a combination of two or more metals that is homogenous (or a metal and small amounts of non-metals). Alloys include metals such as steel and brass. (e) Alloys are tougher...
What is the role of decomposers in the ecosystem?
The roles of a decomposer in the ecosystem are: By decomposing the dead plants and animals, they operate as a cleaning agent for the environment.They help in recycling the nutrientsBy decomposing...
An ore of manganese metal is: (a) Bauxite (b) Haematite (c) Cuprite (d) Pyrolusite
Solution: Option (d) is the answer. Pyrolusite is a mineral consisting essentially of manganese dioxide (MnO2) and is important as an ore of manganese. It is a black, amorphous appearing mineral,...
What are the trophic levels? Give an example of a food chain and state the different trophic levels in it.
The transfer of food or energy occurs at several levels in the food chain, and these levels are referred to as trophic levels. Example: Grass → Goat → Man In the food chain, The first trophic level...
On the basis of the issues raised in this chapter, what changes would you incorporate in your lifestyle in a move towards the sustainable usage of our resources?
Individuals can adopt the following adjustments into their habits to progress toward a more sustainable use of natural resources: Divide household garbage into biodegradable and non-biodegradable...
List five things you have done over the last week to (a) conserve our natural resources. (b) increase the pressure on our natural resources.
Practices for the conservation of natural resources include: When travelling, use bicycles and public transportation to save money on gas.Recycled paper and other recycled goods are used.Garbage is...
What can you as an individual do to reduce your consumption of the various natural resources?
Individuals can limit their usage of natural resources by implementing the following practises: Carpooling, bicycling, and public transportation are all fuel-efficient modes of...
How can you as an individual contribute or make a difference to the management of coal and petroleum?
An individual can contribute towards the management of non-renewable energy sources such as coal and petrol by: Using fuel-efficient modes of transportation such as carpooling, public...
How can you as an individual contribute or make a difference to the management of (a) forests and wildlife, (b) water resources
(a) Individuals can help manage forest and wildlife resources by doing the following: Organizing and participating in anti-deforestation and anti-wildlife poaching rallies.Volunteering for a variety...
We saw in this chapter that there are four main stakeholders when it comes to forests and wildlife. Which among these should have the authority to decide the management of forest produce? Why do you think so?
Because they are a branch of the government that is elected by the people, the government's forest department should have the authority. These forest officials, on the other hand, must not be...
Can you suggest some changes in your school which would make it environment-friendly?
Some important changes that can help make schools more environment-friendly include: Providing a platform for kids and teachers to report any leaky faucets so that the school plumber can swiftly fix...
What changes would you suggest in your home in order to be environment-friendly?
Some important changes that can help make homes more environment-friendly include: Garbage is separated into biodegradable (food waste) and non-biodegradable (non-biodegradable) waste...
Find out the source of water in your region/locality. Is water from this source available to all people living in that area?
Groundwater is the principal source of water in metropolitan areas. All residents of the city have access to this water. However, in other areas, insufficient infrastructure makes it impossible for...
Compare the above system with the probable systems in hilly/ mountainous areas or plains or plateau regions.
Rainwater is frequently collected and channelled through a stream in hilly areas. With the use of canals, the stream is channelled to different locations for irrigation. Water is typically obtained...
Find out about the traditional systems of water harvesting/ management in your region.
Groundwater and lakes are the principal sources of water in densely populated metropolitan areas. Borewells are used to extract groundwater, whereas pipes extract water directly from lakes. The...
Suggest some approaches towards the conservation of forests.
Forest conservation can be accomplished in a variety of ways, including: To counteract deforestation, trees are being planted.Security troops are stationed in forests to deter forest resource...
Why should we conserve forests and wildlife?
Forest conservation is critical to the environment's long-term stability. Forests are home to a diverse range of living forms. Destruction of these forests has the potential to disrupt the food...
Why do you think that there should be an equitable distribution of resources? What forces would be working against an equitable distribution of our resources?
Equitable resource distribution ensures that everyone gets their fair share of the resources and that everyone has the fundamental necessities of life (such as food, water, shelter, etc.). The...
(a) Which metal is extracted from calamine ore? (b) Name one ore of mercury. Which mercury compound is present in this ore? Write its chemical formula. (c) How is copper extracted from its sulphide ore (copper glance), Cu2S? Explain with equations the reactions involved.
Solution: (a) Zinc (b) Cinnabar Mercury (II) sulphide, HgS (c) The concentrated copper (I) sulphide ore (copper glance), Cu2S is roasted in the air to oxidize copper (I) sulphide to copper (I)...
How would these advantages differ from the advantages of using a long-term perspective in managing our resources?
The long-term model of resource consumption allows for resource conservation so that future generations can benefit from them. This will allow the economy to expand over a longer period of time. It...
(c) Explain how, mercury is extracted from its sulphide ore (cinnabar). Give equations of the reactions involved. (d) In the electrolytic refining of a metal M, what would you take as anode, cathode and electrolyte? (e) Name any five metals which are purified by the electrolytic refining method.
Solution: (c) Mercury (II) sulphide ore is roasted in the air to give mercury (II) oxide. 2HgO → 2Hg(l) + O2(g) (d) Anode – Thick block of impure metal M. Cathode – Thin strip of pure metal M....
(a) Name the metal which is extracted from the ore called ‘rock salt’. (b) Name two ores of zinc. Write the names of the chemical compounds present in them and give their chemical formulae.
Solution: (a) Sodium. (b) (i) Calamine; Zinc carbonate, ZnCO3 (ii) Zinc blende; Zinc sulphide, ZnS
(c) Describe the extraction of zinc metal from its sulphide ore (zinc blende). Write equations of the reactions involved.(d) Explain why the galvanised iron article is protected against rusting even if the zinc layer is broken. (e) Name a common metal that is highly resistant to corrosion.
Solution: (c) When zinc sulphide (zinc blende ore) is roasted in the air, zinc oxide and sulphur dioxide are formed. Roasting is the term for this procedure. 2Zn(s) + 3O2(g) → 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2 Zinc...
(a) Which metal is extracted from bauxite ore? (b) Give the name of one ore of iron. Which iron compound is present in this ore? Write its chemical formula.
Solution: (a) Aluminium. (b) Haematite; Iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3.
(c) How is aluminium metal extracted? Explain with the help of an equation. (d) Name the electrode at which aluminium metal is produced. (e) Which gas is produced during the extraction of aluminium? At which electrode is this gas produced?
Solution: (c) Aluminium metal is recovered from molten aluminium oxide by electrolytic reduction (electrolysis). When molten aluminium oxide is exposed to an electric current, it decomposes into...
(a) Name the metal which is extracted from haematite ore. (b) Name one ore of aluminium. Name the aluminium compound present in this ore and write its chemical formula.
Solution: (a) Haematite ore is used to extract iron. (b) Bauxite; Al2O3.2H2O; Aluminium oxide
(d) How is sodium metal extracted? Explain with the help of the equation of the reaction involved. (e) Name three other metals which are extracted in a manner similar to sodium.
Solution: (d) Electrolytic reduction of molten sodium chloride extracts sodium metal. When molten sodium chloride is exposed to an electric charge, it decomposes into sodium metal and chlorine gas....
(a) What is the difference between a mineral and an ore? (b) Which metal is extracted from cinnabar ore? (c) Name one ore of sodium. Name the sodium compound present in this ore and write its chemical formula.
Solution: (a) Minerals are naturally occurring metals or their compounds, whereas ores are minerals that contain a large amount of metals that may be extracted successfully. (b) Mercury. c) Sodium...
(a) Name two metals that are found in nature mainly in the free state (as metallic elements). (b) Name two metals that are always found in a combined state. (c) What iron compound is present in hematite ore? Also, write its chemical formula.
Solution: (a) Gold and platinum are mostly found in the free state in nature. (b) Sodium and Magnesium are almost always found together. (c) Iron (III) oxide; haematite ore contains...
(c) Name the gas produced when calamine ore is calcined. (d) Name the gas that evolved when cinnabar ore is roasted.
Solution: (c) When calamine ore is calcined, carbon dioxide is produced. (d) When cinnabar ore is roasted, sulphur dioxide gas is produced.
(a) Name the chemical compound which is electrolysed in a molten state to obtain aluminium metal. Which gas is evolved during this process? (b) Name the chemical compound which is electrolysed in the molten state to obtain sodium metal. Which gas is produced in this process?
Solution: (a) To get aluminium metal, aluminum oxide is electrolyzed in a molten condition. During the process, oxygen gas is produced. (b) To produce sodium metal, sodium chloride is electrolyzed...
How are metals refined by the electrolytic process? Describe the electrolytic refining of copper with the help of a neat labelled diagram.
Solution: A broad block of impure metal is used as an anode (attached to the battery's +ve connector) and a thin strip of pure metal is used as a cathode when electrolysis is used to refine an...
(a) For the reduction of a metal oxide, suggest a reducing agent other than carbon. (b) Explain why an aqueous solution of sodium chloride is not used for the electrolytic extraction of sodium metal.
Solution: (a) In addition to carbon, aluminium can be employed as a reducing agent. (b) When sodium chloride is electrolyzed in an aqueous solution, sodium metal is produced at the cathode and...
Explain giving equation, what happens when: (a) ZnCO3 is heated in the absence of air? (b) a mixture of Cu2O and Cu2S is heated?
Solution: (a) Zinc carbonate decomposes into zinc oxide and carbon dioxide when heated rapidly in the absence of air. ZnCO3(s) → ZnO(s) + CO2 (b) Copper metal and sulphur dioxide are formed when...
(a) How does the painting of an iron object prevent its rusting? (b) How does the electrical conductivity of copper alloys, brass and bronze, differ from that of pure copper? (c) What is meant by 22-carat gold? Name the metals which are usually alloyed with gold to make it harder.
Solution: (a) When the paint is put to a surface, it keeps the object from rusting by preventing air and moisture from coming into touch with it. (b) Copper alloys such as brass and bronze have...
(a) Name an alloy of copper. State its chemical composition and any one use. (b) Explain why, when a copper object remains in damp air for a considerable time, a green coating is formed on its surface. What is this process known as?
Solution: (a) Brass: It is made up of 80 per cent copper (Cu) and 20 per cent zinc (Zn). It's used to make kitchen utensils. (b) Copper reacts slowly with carbon dioxide and water to form a basic...
(a) Name two metals that resist corrosion due to the formation of a thin, hard and impervious layer of oxide on their surface. (b) Name five methods of preventing rusting of iron. (c) What are the constituents of stainless steel? What are the special properties of stainless steel?
Solution: (a) Aluminium and zinc are corrosion-resistant metals. (b) (i) Painting. (ii) Grease or oil application. (iii) Galvanization. (iv) Plating with tin and chromium. (v) Stainless steel is...
(a) What is an alloy? How is an alloy made? (b) What elements are present in steel? How are the properties of steel different from those of pure iron? (c) Give the constituents and one use of brass.
Solution: (a) An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of metals that is made by melting the individual metals and cooling them to room temperature. (b) Steel is made up of carbon and iron. In comparison...
What is meant by ‘rusting of iron’? With the help of labelled diagrams, describe an activity to find out the conditions under which iron rusts.
Solution: Rust is a red-brown flaky material that forms when an iron object is exposed to wet air (or water) for an extended period of time. This is referred to as iron rusting. We insert some...
(c) What is the corrosion of iron known as? (d) Explain why, aluminium is a highly reactive metal, still it is used to make utensils for cooking.
Solution: (c) Rusting (d) When aluminium comes into proximity with wet air, it corrodes fast. It creates an oxide layer on top of the metal. It protects against rusting. Utensils are made out of...
(a) What is corrosion? (b) Name any two metals which do not corrode easily.
Solution: (a) Corrosion is the result of a metal's surface being exposed to air, moisture, or a chemical. c) Platinum and gold.
Explain how a reduction reaction of aluminium can be used for welding cracked machine parts of iron. Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved.
Solution: A burning magnesium ribbon ignites a mixture of Iron (III) oxide and aluminium powder. With the help of a lot of heat, aluminium reduces iron oxide to produce iron metal. Iron metal is...
(b) What is meant by the ‘concentration of ore’? (c) Name one ore of copper (other than cuprite). Which compound of copper is present in this ore? Also, write its chemical formula.
Solutions: (b) It is important to eliminate the gangue before extracting metal from its ore, and after that, we will get a concentrated ore. This is known as ore concentration, sometimes known as...
(a) Define the terms (i) mineral (ii) ore, and (iii) gangue.
Solution: Solutions: (a) (i) Minerals are made up of metals or compounds found on the surface of the earth. (ii) Ores are minerals that may be used to extract metals in a practical and profitable...
What is meant by refining a metal? Name the most widely used method for the refining of impure metals obtained by various reduction processes. Describe this method with the help of a labelled diagram by taking the example of any metal.
Solution: Metal refining is the process of purifying impure metals. The most common technique for purifying impure metals acquired via various reduction processes is electrolytic refining. The...
How are the less reactive metals (which are quite low in the reactivity series) extracted? Explain with the help of an example.
Solution: Heat alone is used to recover the less reactive metals by reducing their oxides. When mercury (II) oxide is produced, for example, mercury (II) sulphide ore is roasted in the air. Mercury...
Describe with one example, how moderately reactive metals (which are in the middle of the reactivity series) are extracted.
Solution: The oxides of moderately reactive metals are reduced with carbon, aluminum sodium, or calcium to extract them. Example: When zinc sulphate is heated to high temperatures in the air, zinc...
Explain giving one example, how highly reactive metals (which are high up in the reactivity series) are extracted.
Solution: Electrolytic reduction of their molten chlorides or oxides extracts the highly reactive metals. The electrolytic reduction of molten sodium chloride, for example, extracts sodium metal....
How does the method used for extracting a metal from its ore depend on the metal’s position in the reactivity series? Explain with examples.
Solution: The method of extracting metal from a concentrated ore is simply a reduction of the metal complex present. Manganese metal is made by reducing manganese oxide with aluminium powder rather...
(a) Name two metals that occur in nature in a free state as well as in a combined state.
(b) Name one ore of manganese. Which compound of manganese is present in this ore? Also, write its chemical formula. (c) A zinc ore on heating in air forms sulphur dioxide. Describe briefly any two...
(c) How is zinc extracted from its carbonate ore (calamine)? Explain with equations.
Solution: (c) Calamine ore decomposes into zinc oxide and carbon dioxide when heated rapidly in the absence of air. ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2 The zinc oxide is then heated with carbon to generate zinc...
(a) Name the method by which aluminium metal is extracted.
(b) Give the name and chemical formula of one ore of copper. Solution: (a) Electrolytic reduction is the method used to extract the aluminium metal. Electrolysis is used to obtain aluminium. The...
(a) Why is an iron grill painted frequently?
(b) Explain why, though aluminium is more reactive than iron, yet there is less corrosion of aluminium when both are exposed to air. Solution: (a)To keep the iron grill from rusting, it is painted...
(a) Why does aluminium not corrode right through?
(b) What is meant by ‘anodising’? Why is it done? Solution: (a)Aluminum is more reactive than iron, and when it comes into contact with air, it creates an oxide layer, which is why it does not rust....
(a) Give a reason why copper is used to make hot water tanks but steel (an alloy of iron) is not.
(b) Explain why the surface of some metals acquires a dull appearance when exposed to air for a long time. Solution: (a) Copper is used in the construction of hot water tanks because it does not...
Which one of the methods given in column I is applied for the extraction of each of the metals given in column II:
Column IColumn IIAluminiumElectrolytic reductionZincReduction with carbonSodiumReduction with aluminiumIronManganeseTin Solution: Electrolytic reduction: Aluminium and Sodium; Reduction with carbon:...
What is a thermite reaction? Explain with the help of an equation. State one use of this reaction.
Solution: A thermite reaction is the reduction of a metal oxide to metal utilizing aluminium powder as a reducing agent. A burning magnesium ribbon ignites a mixture of Iron (III) oxide and...
How is manganese extracted from manganese dioxide, MnO2? Explain with the help of an equation.
Solution: Manganese metal is extricated by the reduction of its oxide with aluminium powder as the reducing agent. In this manner, when manganese dioxide is warmed with aluminium powder, then, at...
Which of the following salt will give an aqueous solution having a pH of almost 7?
(a) NH4NO3 (b) NH4Cl (c) CaCl2 (d) KCl Answer: Option (d) is the answer.
A salt is dissolved in water and the pH of this salt solution is measured with a universal indicator paper.
If the pH of the solution is less than 7, the salt is most likely to be: (a) CH3COONa (b) Na2CO3 (c) KCl (d) NH4Cl Answer: Option (d) is the answer.
A salt whose aqueous solution will have a pH of more than 7 will be:
(a) K2CO3 (b) K2SO4 (c) NaCl (d) NH4Cl Answer: Option (a) is the answer.
Plaster of Paris is prepared by heating one of the following to a temperature of 100℃. This is:
(a) CaSO3.2H2O (b) CaCl2.2H2O (c) CaCO3.2H2O (d) CaSO4.2H2O Answer: Option (d) is the answer.
Which of the following is treated with chlorine to obtain bleaching powder?
(a) CaSO4 (b) Ca(OH)2 (c) Mg(OH)2 (d) KOH Answer: Option (b) is the answer.
The formula of baking soda is:
(a) K2CO3 (b) KHCO3 (c) NaHCO3 (d) KNO3 Answer: Option (c) is the answer.
The aqueous solution of one of the following salt will turn phenolphthalein indicator pink. This salt is:
(a) KCl (b) K2SO4 (c) K2CO3 (d) KNO3 Answer: Option (c) is the answer.
Fill in the following blanks with suitable words:
(i) The alloy in which one of the metals is mercury is called an _______. (j) The electrical conductivity and melting point of an alloy is _______ than that of pure metals. (k) The rocky material...
Fill in the following blanks with suitable words:
(g) Bronze is an alloy of copper and _______. (h) The non-metal present in steel is _______. Solution: (g) tin (h) carbon
The salt whose aqueous solution will have no effect on either red litmus or blue litmus is
(a) Potassium sulphate (b) Sodium carbonate (c) Ammonium sulphate (d) Sodium acetate Answer: Option (a) is the answer.
The aqueous solution of one of the following salt will turn red litmus to blue. This salt is:
(a) Potassium sulphate (b) Sodium sulphate (c) Sodium chloride (d) Potassium carbonate Answer: Option (d) is the answer.
Fill in the following blanks with suitable words:
(e) The corrosion of copper produces a _______ coating of basic copper carbonate on its surface. (f) Brass is an alloy of copper and _______. Solution: (e) green (f) zinc
Fill in the following blanks with suitable words:
(c) The process of depositing a thin layer of zinc on iron articles is called _______. (d) Tiffin boxes are electroplated with _______ but car bumpers are electroplated with _______ to protect them...
The salt whose aqueous solution will turn blue litmus to red is:
(a) Ammonium sulphate (b) Sodium acetate (c) Sodium chloride (d) Potassium carbonate Answer: Option (a) is the answer.
The number of molecules of water of crystallisation present in washing soda crystals is:
(a) Five (b) Two (c) Ten (d) Seven Answer: Option (c) is the answer.
The products of Chlor-alkali process are:
(a) NaCl, Cl2 , and H2 (b) Cl2 , H2 and NaOH (c) Cl2, Na2CO3 and H2O (d) NaOH, Cl2 and HCl Answer: Option (b) is the answer.
Fill in the following blanks with suitable words:
(a) The corrosion of iron is called _______. (b) _______ and _______ are necessary for the rusting of iron. Solution: (a) rusting (b) air; water
The salt which gives a neutral solution on dissolving in water will be:
(a) CH3COONa (b) NH4Cl (c) KCl (d) Na2CO3 Answer: Option (c) is the answer.
One of the following salt will give an alkaline solution on dissolving in water. This is:
(a) Na2CO3 (b) Na2SO4 (c) NaCl (d)(NH4)2SO4 Answer: Option (a) is the answer.
The salt which will give an acidic solution on dissolving in water is:
(a) KCl (b) NH4Cl (c) Na2CO3 (d) CH3COONa Answer: Option (b) is the answer.
Answer the following questions:
(a) What is meant by ‘hydrated’ and ‘anhydrous’ salts? Explain with examples. (b) Write the names, formulae, and colours of any two hydrated salts. (c) What will be the colour of litmus in an...